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% The Beamer class comes with a number of default slide themes
% which change the colors and layouts of slides. Below this is a list
% of all the themes, uncomment each in turn to see what they look like.

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% As well as themes, the Beamer class has a number of color themes
% for any slide theme. Uncomment each of these in turn to see how it
% changes the colors of your current slide theme.

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%\setbeamertemplate{footline} % To remove the footer line in all slides uncomment this line
%\setbeamertemplate{footline}[page number] % To replace the footer line in all slides with a simple slide count uncomment this line

%\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} % To remove the navigation symbols from the bottom of all slides uncomment this line
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\PassOptionsToPackage{usenames,dvipsnames}{xcolor}
\usepackage{graphicx} % Allows including images
\usepackage{booktabs} % Allows the use of \toprule, \midrule and \bottomrule in tables
\usepackage{xmpmulti}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{cite}
\usepackage[font=small,labelfont=bf]{caption} % Required for specifying captions to tables and figures
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\usepackage{tikz} % Required for flow chart
\usetikzlibrary{shapes,arrows} % Tikz libraries required for the flow chart in the template
\setbeamercovered{transparent} 


\graphicspath{{figures/}} % Directory in which figures are stored



%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	TITLE PAGE
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\title[The Buckarray]{The BuckArray} % The short title appears at the bottom of every slide, the full title is only on the title page
\subtitle{Detecting cosmic rays with smartphones}
\author[Jorge Torres]{Jorge Torres \inst{1} \and Jordan Hanson \inst{1,2} \and Amy Connolly \inst{1,2}}
\institute[Ohio State]{\inst{1} The Ohio State University \and %
                      \inst{2} Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP)}
%\institute[Ohio State] % Your institution as it will appear on the bottom of every slide, may be shorthand to save space
%{
%The Ohio State University \\ % Your institution for the title page
%\medskip
%\textit{john@smith.com} % Your email address
%}
\date{\today} % Date, can be changed to a custom date


\titlegraphic{ \includegraphics[width=2cm,height=2cm,keepaspectratio]{ccapp_logo.png}\hspace*{4.75cm}~%
       \includegraphics[width=3.5cm,height=3.5cm,keepaspectratio]{TheOhioStateUniversity-4C-VertK-CMYK.eps}
}



\begin{document}

\begin{frame}
\titlepage % Print the title page as the first slide
\end{frame}

%\begin{frame}
%\frametitle{Overview} % Table of contents slide, comment this block out to remove it
%\tableofcontents % Throughout your presentation, if you choose to use \section{} and \subsection{} commands, these will automatically be printed on this slide as an overview of your presentation
%\end{frame}

\section{Introduction}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}\frametitle{Introduction}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item Cosmic rays create a cascade of relativistic secondary particles that can be detected at the Earth's surface.
\item Observing secondary particles: {\color{blue}particle flux}, fluorescence in the air, or the {\color{red} radio} and acoustic signatures.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} 
    \begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{cosmicrays1.jpg}
     \end{center}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\section{The prototype}

\begin{frame}\frametitle{Background}

\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item Novel idea: Observation of secondary particles by using an array of cellphones.
\item Detection by the CMOS\footnote{ Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor} sensors of smartphone cameras: CRAYFIS ({\color{OliveGreen}See D. Whiteson, et al., 2016}).
\item Same principle as taking photos.
\item Efficiency allows to detect photons and minimally-ionizing particles such as {\color{Sepia}$\gamma$'s , $\mu^{\pm}$, and $e^{\pm}$}.
\end{itemize}

 \begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{CMOS.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Samsung 8MP CMOS camera sensor}
     \end{center}

\end{frame}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}\frametitle{Background}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item Very large area (or very long run) needed to accumulate a sufficient number of observed events.
\item Large network of phones: cheap (relatively) \& sufficient to detect air showers from UHECRs.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} 
    \begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{CRFlux.eps}
      \captionof{figure}{All-particle spectrum as a function of $E$. Source: PDG, 2015}
     \end{center}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}\frametitle{Background}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item Very large area (or very long run) needed to accumulate a sufficient number of observed events.
\item Large network of phones: cheap (relatively) \& sufficient to detect air showers from UHCRs.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} 
    \begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=1.1\textwidth]{CRFlux.eps}
      \captionof{figure}{All-particle spectrum as a function of $E$. Source: PDG, 2015}
     \end{center}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}



%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}\frametitle{Maybe people at concerts (?)}

 \begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=.9\textwidth]{concert.jpg}
   %\captionof{figure}{}
     \end{center}
\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}\frametitle{The BuckArray}

\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item Proposal: Prototype array to be deployed at the OARDC\footnote{Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center} in Wooster, OH.
\item Two-fold purpose: 
\begin{enumerate}
\item prototype for future, larger-scale arrays.
\item educational outreach opportunity for local students.
\end{enumerate}

\end{itemize}

\begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth]{OARDC.jpg}
   \captionof{figure}{Secrest Arboretum, OARDC/OSU.}
     \end{center}

\end{frame}


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}\frametitle{The BuckArray}
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item Array of phones and 200-400 MHz radio antennas for detection of {\color{blue}particle flux} and {\color{OliveGreen}RF radiation} (geosynchrotron emission), respectively.
\item Physics goal: to detect cosmic ray {\color{Sepia}extensive air showers} through both signals simultaneously.
\item 1st stage: Particle flux study ({\color{Peach}work underway...})
\end{itemize}
\begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=.4\textwidth]{proton.png}
 %  \captionof{figure}{Secrest Arboretum, OARDC/OSU.}
     \end{center}
\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}\frametitle{The BuckArray (Simulation)}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item $50 \times 50$ m rectangular geometry.
\item 143 cellphones distributed as shown in the Figure.
\item {\color{blue}CORSIKA}(MC simulation for EAS): 100 cosmic showers (primary particle: $10^{15}-10^{17}$ eV proton.)
\item Will go to greater energies in a future.
\end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth} 
    \begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{array.png}
      \captionof{figure}{Geometry of the BuckArray}
     \end{center}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}\frametitle{Simulation}

\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item CORSIKA output: {\color{Cyan} particle ID}, {\color{Fuchsia} momentum components}, {\color{RedOrange} coordinates at observation level (ground)}.
\item Discard particles with {\color{ForestGreen}$E<1$MeV} (accounting for energy loss when crossing the glass)
\item Check if any {\color{blue}$\gamma, e^-, e^+, \mu^-, \mu^+$} hit any of the phones, for a given area\footnote{actually $~1$ mm$^3$}.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


\begin{frame}\frametitle{Buckeye01 \& Buckeye02}
Simultaneously, running CRAYFIS (since Jun 14) on two cellphones (just for fun!\footnote{and for trying to understand CRAYFIS.})
\begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{cray_web}
      \captionof{figure}{pixel intensity values in candidate muon events (left), number of above threshold pixels in candidate events (right)}
     \end{center}
\end{frame}


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


\begin{frame}\frametitle{Debug mode}

\begin{center}
   \includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{pixels}
     % \captionof{figure}{pixel intensity values in candidate muon events (left), number of above threshold pixels in candidate events (right)}
     \end{center}
\end{frame}


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


\begin{frame}\frametitle{Results (so far, e.g.)}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.7\textwidth]{10E16.eps}
 \captionof{figure}{Number of particles detected as a function of area for a $10^{16}$ eV proton (random event), 1 MeV threshold.}
     \end{center}
\end{frame}


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}\frametitle{Results (expectations)}
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item Obtain hits$\times$phone$^{-1}\times$event$^{-1}$
\item Furthermore: hits$\times$phone$^{-1}\times$day$^{-1}$
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


\begin{frame}\frametitle{Future research}
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item Time-factor: is the project feasible i.e. {\color{OliveGreen}\#particles/day}?
\item Account for noise.
\item Get more cellphones.
\item Compare simulations with real results.
\item {\color {red}Optimize simulations.} 
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{frame}\frametitle{How can involve machine learning in our project?}
\begin{centering}

  \includegraphics[width=.9\textwidth]{GP.pdf}
     % \captionof{figure}{pixel intensity values in candidate muon events (left), number of above threshold pixels in candidate events (right)}

\end{centering}

\end{frame}

%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}{}
  \centering \Huge
  \emph{Thanks!}
\end{frame}


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\end{document} 